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The Unique Properties of a Rarely Produced Material

Only a small number of companies are capable of producing cadmium zinc telluride, a substance that possesses significant properties.

Undergoing a lung scan can be a lengthy and uncomfortable process, requiring patients to remain still for 45 minutes while lying in a hospital scanner with their arms above their head.

Amber-coloured cadmium zinc telluride in furnace.
Very few organisations can supply cadmium zinc telluride

However, patients at Royal Brompton Hospital in London have seen a significant reduction in scan time since the installation of a new device last year, which has cut the examination time down to just 15 minutes.

The new scanner's ability to produce highly detailed, 3D images of patients' lungs can be attributed to its advanced image processing technology and a specialized material called cadmium zinc telluride (CZT).

According to Dr. Kshama Wechalekar, head of nuclear medicine and PET, the scanner's images are of exceptionally high quality, making it a remarkable achievement in engineering and physics.

The CZT used in the scanner was manufactured by Kromek, a British company that is one of the few firms worldwide capable of producing this material, which is playing a key role in revolutionizing medical imaging.

CZT has a wide range of applications, including use in X-ray telescopes, radiation detectors, and airport security scanners, and its demand is increasing due to its unique properties.

Dr. Wechalekar and her team utilize the scanner to investigate lung conditions, such as the presence of small blood clots in patients with long Covid or larger clots known as pulmonary embolisms.

The £1m scanner operates by detecting gamma rays emitted by a radioactive substance injected into patients, allowing for highly accurate images to be produced.

One of the key benefits of the scanner is its sensitivity, which enables it to use lower doses of the radioactive substance – a reduction of around 30% – while still maintaining high image quality.

Although CZT has been available for decades, its production has been limited due to the challenges associated with manufacturing it on an industrial scale, according to Arnab Basu, founding chief executive of Kromek.

Wearing a white jacket, Dr Kshama Wechalekar stands alongside a hospital scanner
Dr Kshama Wechalekar with the latest scanner at London's Royal Brompton Hospital

Kromek's facility in Sedgefield features 170 small furnaces, where a specialized powder is heated and transformed into a single-crystal structure, a process that takes several weeks to complete.

The resulting CZT is a semiconductor that can detect tiny photon particles in X-rays and gamma rays with high precision, similar to the light-sensing capabilities of a smartphone camera's image sensor.

When a high-energy photon strikes the CZT, it generates an electrical signal that can be used to create an image, a process that is more precise than earlier scanner technologies.

The CZT-based scanner's ability to convert X-ray energy into an electrical signal in a single step makes it a significant improvement over earlier technologies, which used a two-step process.

As Dr. Basu explains, the CZT-based scanner is a digital device that can retain important information such as timing and energy levels, allowing for the creation of detailed, spectroscopic images.

CZT-based scanners are already being used in various applications, including explosives detection at UK airports and scanning checked baggage in some US airports, with plans to expand their use to hand luggage scanning in the near future.

However, accessing CZT can be challenging due to high demand and limited supply.

A technician wearing blue gloves adjusts one of a line of furnaces.
Special furnaces are needed to make CZT

Researchers like Henric Krawczynski at Washington University in St. Louis have used CZT in the past for space telescopes attached to high-altitude balloons, which detect X-rays emitted by neutron stars and plasma around black holes.

Prof. Krawczynski is currently seeking very thin, 0.8mm pieces of CZT for his telescopes, but is finding it difficult to source them due to high demand and limited availability.

Kromek's Dr. Basu explains that his company is currently supporting many research organizations and is unable to fulfill every request due to the unique requirements of each project.

While Prof. Krawczynski is facing challenges in sourcing CZT, he is exploring alternative options, including using existing CZT or cadmium telluride, for his upcoming mission.

However, the mission, which was scheduled to launch from Antarctica in December, is currently facing delays due to the US government shutdown.

CZT is being used by many researchers, including those involved in a major upgrade of the Diamond Light Source research facility in Oxfordshire, which will improve its capabilities with the installation of CZT-based detectors.

A technician adjusts equipment at Diamond Light Source
CZT will be used in an upgrade of Diamond Light Source

The Diamond Light Source is a synchrotron that produces X-rays by accelerating electrons around a giant ring, which are then directed off to be used in various experiments, such as analyzing materials.

Recent experiments have involved studying impurities in aluminum as it melts, with the goal of improving recycled forms of the metal.

The upcoming upgrade, scheduled for completion in 2030, will significantly increase the brightness of the X-rays produced, requiring the use of CZT-based detectors to detect them accurately.

According to Matt Veale, group leader for detector development at the Science and Technology Facilities Council, the use of CZT is essential for the upgrade, as existing sensors would be unable to detect the increased X-ray intensity.

As a result, CZT has become the material of choice for the Diamond Light Source upgrade, due to its unique properties and ability to detect X-rays with high precision.

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DP World CEO departs amid fallout over Epstein connections

Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem’s departure follows the revelation of hundreds of emails allegedly exchanged between him and Epstein, as revealed in recently disclosed documents.

DP World's global ports operator has undergone a change in leadership, with the previous head stepping down amidst scrutiny surrounding their association with convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein.

Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem, wearing white, gestures during the World Government Summit in Dubai in 2017.

Sultan Ahmed bin Sulayem's departure as chairman and chief executive follows the release of newly uncovered files, which indicate he exchanged numerous emails with Epstein over the course of a decade.

The mention of an individual in these files does not imply any wrongdoing, and the BBC has reached out to Sulayem for a statement regarding the matter.

On Friday, DP World announced the appointments of Essa Kazim as chairman and Yuvraj Narayan as chief executive, without making any reference to Sulayem, whose photograph appears to have been removed from the company's website.

DP World, a Dubai-owned logistics company with a significant presence in global trade infrastructure, operating port terminals across six continents, has faced increasing pressure from its business partners in recent days.

Earlier in the week, the UK development finance agency and La Caisse, Canada's second-largest pension fund, announced that they would be suspending new investments in the firm.

Additionally, the Prince of Wales' Earthshot project, which received funding from DP World, was reported to the UK Charity Commission following Sulayem's appearance in the recently released files.

The documents suggest a close and extensive relationship between Sulayem, a prominent Gulf business figure, and Epstein, spanning multiple areas of interaction.

US lawmakers Ro Khanna and Thomas Massie have accused Sulayem of being one of several influential individuals associated with Epstein, citing him as one of "six powerful men" linked to the disgraced financier.

The lawmakers, who co-sponsored the legislation that led to the release of the Epstein files last year, claim that certain information was improperly redacted from the documents.

On 9 February, Thomas Massie highlighted a redacted document that appeared to contain an email from Epstein in 2009, referencing a "torture video"; the recipient responded that they would be traveling between China and the US, although the context of the exchange is unclear.

US officials have confirmed that Sulayem was the recipient of the email in question, which was sent by Epstein.

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Ireland Seeks Redemption in Match Without Spectators

Ireland’s Captain Caelan Doris has emphasized that the team must have all players contributing in order to move past their loss to France and secure a win against Italy.

Ireland captain Caelan Doris is urging his team to deliver a strong performance against Italy, following their disappointing loss to France last week.

Historically, Ireland have dominated Italy in their home Six Nations matches, winning their last five encounters by at least 30 points, including a 2024 match where they held Italy scoreless, but a similar outcome is not expected this time around.

Italy's confidence is high after their 18-15 victory over Scotland in Rome, where they excelled in the set-piece and defended well in the closing stages.

Gonzalo Quesada's team put in an impressive display despite the challenging weather conditions, and their win has given them momentum ahead of their trip to Dublin.

In contrast, Ireland's camp has been introspective after their 16-year-low Six Nations loss to France, with head coach Andy Farrell expressing his disappointment and the need for improvement.

Farrell was critical of his team's performance, particularly in the first half, and has made several changes to the lineup for the Italy match, including the exclusion of Josh van der Flier, Jacob Stockdale, Tommy O'Brien, and Cian Prendergast.

The Irish coach has also spoken about the need for his team to "simplify things" and understand their identity, following a clear-the-air meeting with the squad.

Farrell has emphasized the importance of players not overthinking their roles and instead focusing on their strengths, as they prepare to face Italy.

The Irish coach's message to his players is to trust their instincts and not overcomplicate their game plan against Italy.

Ireland's review of their loss to France was a candid and honest assessment, with players and coaches alike acknowledging the need for improvement.

Ireland has made six changes to their team for the Italy match, with newcomers Cormac Izuchukwu and Rob Baloucoune, as well as uncapped lock Edwin Edogbo, set to feature.

Captain Caelan Doris believes that the new players must take ownership of their roles and contribute to the team's overall performance.

Doris expressed his enthusiasm for the team's lineup, despite the changes, and emphasized the importance of cohesion and trust among the players.

The Irish captain's message to the new players is to have faith in their abilities and enjoy the experience, while also focusing on the team's core strengths.

Doris stressed that every player must be fully committed and take responsibility for their actions on the field, in order to achieve a positive outcome.

He added that creating a sense of unity and purpose through their actions can have a profound impact on the team's performance.

Doris reiterated that every player must be fully invested and take ownership of their role, in order to achieve success against Italy.

Edwin Edogbo, the towering Munster lock, is set to make his Test debut for Ireland on Saturday.

Ireland's loss to France was marked by a lack of intent, and head coach Andy Farrell has responded by making changes to the team, including the inclusion of wingers James Lowe and Rob Baloucoune.

The hope is that these changes will help Ireland to rediscover their sense of purpose and direction against Italy.

Lowe, a experienced player, was dropped for the France match, but returns to the lineup, while Baloucoune makes his first appearance for Ireland since November 2022.

The inclusion of Cormac Izuchukwu in the back row is expected to add dynamism and ball-carrying ability to Ireland's attack.

There is also excitement about the potential of Edwin Edogbo, who has impressed for Munster despite struggling with injuries earlier in his career.

Caelan Doris will switch back to open-side flanker, a position he has played before against Italy, and where he has scored tries in the past.

Regardless of his position, Doris is focused on helping Ireland to move past their loss to France and deliver a strong performance against Italy.

The Irish captain reflected on the team's discussions throughout the week, which have centered on accountability, simplicity, and a renewed focus on their core values.

Doris emphasized the importance of the team holding each other accountable and taking ownership of their actions, in order to drive improvement.

The Irish captain acknowledged that the loss to France has served as a reference point, but expressed confidence that the team can learn from the experience and move forward.

Doris believes that Ireland has the potential to improve, but must focus on executing their game plan effectively and trusting their strengths.

The match between Ireland and Italy is scheduled to take place on Saturday, 14 February, at 14:10 GMT.

The Aviva Stadium in Dublin will host the encounter.

Fans can listen to live commentary of the match on BBC Sounds, BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra 2, BBC Radio Ulster, and the BBC Sport website and app, as well as follow live text commentary.

Italy has a chance to cause a major upset in the Six Nations, and will be looking to build on their win over Scotland last week.

The Italians pushed Ireland close last year, losing 22-17, and will be hoping to go one better this time around.

Despite the absence of Juan Ignacio Brex, Italy has a number of threats, including Tommaso Menoncello, one of the most exciting young talents in European rugby.

The Italian forwards have shown their ability to compete with top teams, having dominated Scotland and caused problems for South Africa's pack in November.

Caelan Doris acknowledged that Italy is no longer just a passionate team, but a side with a well-rounded attack and strong defense.

The Irish captain noted that Italy's attack is now a significant threat, and that their ability to play with width and depth makes them a challenging opponent.

Doris also highlighted the improvement in Italy's scrum, as well as the quality of their back three and the physicality of their forwards.

The Ireland team to face Italy is: Osborne; Baloucoune, Ringrose, McCloskey, Lowe; S Prendergast, Casey; Loughman, Sheehan, Clarkson, McCarthy, Ryan, Izuchukwu, Doris (capt), Conan.

Ireland's substitutes for the match include Kelleher, O'Toole, Furlong, Edogbo, Beirne, Timoney, Gibson-Park, and Crowley.

The Italian team features Pani, Lynagh, Marin, Menoncello, and Ioane in the backline, with P Garbisi and Fusco in the half-back positions, and a forward pack consisting of Fischetti, Nicotera, Ferrari, N Cannone, Zambonin, Lamaro as captain, Zuliani, and L Cannone.

Italy's replacement players are Di Bartolomeo, Spagnolo, Hasa, Ruzza, Favretto, Odiase, A Garbisi, and Odogwu.

On Saturday, Hollie Davidson of Scotland will make history by becoming the first female referee to officiate a men's Six Nations match, with the fixture being Ireland's home game against Italy.

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Business

Consider Alternatives to Your Current Bank Account

According to Martin Lewis, the current moment may be an opportune time to consider switching bank accounts.

The complete episode is available for streaming on the BBC Sounds platform.

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